{"id":120,"date":"2011-12-03T15:30:00","date_gmt":"2011-12-03T15:30:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.xn--edebiyatgretmeni-twb.net\/portal\/?p=120"},"modified":"2019-04-24T21:41:49","modified_gmt":"2019-04-24T21:41:49","slug":"bati-edebiyati-altin-bilgiler","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.xn--edebiyatgretmeni-twb.net\/portal\/bati-edebiyati-altin-bilgiler.html","title":{"rendered":"Bat\u0131 Edebiyat\u0131 Alt\u0131n Bilgiler"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Sevgili \u00f6\u011frenciler, Bat\u0131 edebiyat\u0131ndan kar\u015f\u0131n\u0131za s\u00fcrekli soru olarak \u00e7\u0131kan noktalar\u0131 maddeler halinde derledim. Sadece bu bilgilere \u00e7al\u0131\u015farak Bat\u0131 edebiyat\u0131 ile ilgili kar\u015f\u0131n\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kacak b\u00fct\u00fcn sorular\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6zebilirsiniz. Haydi bakal\u0131m haz\u0131rlamas\u0131 benden \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 sizden \ud83d\ude42 Kolay gelsin&#8230;\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.xn--edebiyatgretmeni-twb.net\/portal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/12\/bat\u0131-1.jpg\"><img wpfc-lazyload-disable=\"true\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-1005\" src=\"http:\/\/www.xn--edebiyatgretmeni-twb.net\/portal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/12\/bat\u0131-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"653\" height=\"223\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 BATI EDEB\u0130YATI<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Bat\u0131 edebiyatlar\u0131n\u0131n temelini Yunan ve Latin edebiyatlar\u0131 olu\u015fturur.<\/li>\n<li>Eski Yunan \u015fiiri, Homeros\u2019un <strong>\u201c\u0130lyada\u201d<\/strong> ve \u201c <strong>Odysseia\u201d<\/strong> adl\u0131 iki b\u00fcy\u00fck destan\u0131yla ba\u015flar.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0130lyada;<\/strong> Troya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n destan\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>K\u00f6yl\u00fclerin duygu ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerini, insanlar\u0131n g\u00fcnl\u00fck i\u015flerini ilk kez dile getiren <strong>Hesiodos<\/strong> (M.\u00d6.8. y\u00fczy\u0131l), <strong>Didaktik \u015fiir tarz\u0131n\u0131n da kurucusudur. <\/strong>Hesiodos <strong>\u201cTanr\u0131lar\u0131n Yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131\u201d<\/strong> adl\u0131 yap\u0131t\u0131nda, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n ve tanr\u0131lar\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 konusunu i\u015flemi\u015ftir.<strong> \u201c\u0130\u015fler ve G\u00fcnler\u201d<\/strong> adl\u0131 yap\u0131t\u0131nda yurtta\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 e\u011fitmeye, onlar\u0131 adaletli k\u0131lmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f, k\u00f6yl\u00fc ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 ve insanlar\u0131n g\u00fcnl\u00fck i\u015flerini anlatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Midilli\u2019de ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f eski Yunanl\u0131 <a href=\"http:\/\/www.kadinlarportali.com\/\">kad\u0131n<\/a> \u015fair <strong>Sappho<\/strong> (M.\u00d6.6. Y\u00fczy\u0131l); \u015fiirlerinde insano\u011flunun bir ba\u015fka evrensel y\u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc, <strong>a\u015fk<\/strong> duygusunu i\u015flemi\u015ftir. D\u00fcnya edebiyat\u0131nda <strong>lirik \u015fiirin \u00f6nc\u00fcs\u00fc<\/strong> say\u0131l\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Aisopos (Ezop) <\/strong>(M.\u00d6.6.Y\u00fczy\u0131l), <strong>\u201cfabl\u201d<\/strong> t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn <strong>kurucusu<\/strong> say\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. \u00dcnl\u00fc Frans\u0131z fabl \u015fairi La Faontaine, Aisopos\u2019tan \u00e7ok etkilenmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Aiskhylos<\/strong> (M.\u00d6.5.Y\u00fczy\u0131l), <u>ilk<\/u> b\u00fcy\u00fck <strong>tragedya<\/strong> \u015fairidir.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Aristophanes <\/strong>(M.\u00d6.4.Y\u00fczy\u0131l), <u>ilk<\/u> b\u00fcy\u00fck <strong>komedya<\/strong> \u015fairidir. <strong>Eserleri:<\/strong>Atl\u0131lar, Kurba\u011falar, E\u015fekar\u0131lar, Ku\u015flar, Bar\u0131\u015f, Bulutlar, Kad\u0131nlar Meclisi, Lisistrata<\/li>\n<li><strong>Heredotos<\/strong> (M.\u00d6.4.Y\u00fczy\u0131l) Yunan tarih\u00e7isidir. <strong>\u201cTarih t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn kurucusu\u201d<\/strong> say\u0131lmakla birlikte <strong>\u201cTarih\u201d<\/strong> adl\u0131 yap\u0131t\u0131 mitolojik ve masalc\u0131 unsurlar i\u00e7erir.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Eflatun (Platon)<\/strong> (M.\u00d6.4.Y\u00fczy\u0131l), eski Yunan filozoflar\u0131n\u0131n en \u00f6nemlilerinden olup <strong>Sokrates<\/strong>\u2019in \u00f6\u011frencisidir, ilerde kendisi de <strong>Aristo<\/strong>\u2019yu yeti\u015ftirecektir. Eflatun <strong>idealizm<\/strong>in kurucusu ve ilk b\u00fcy\u00fck sistemci d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr olup gen\u00e7lik y\u0131llar\u0131nda t\u00fcm\u00fcyle Sokrates\u2019in etkisindedir. <strong>Eserleri:<\/strong>Devlet, Kanunlar, Ziyafet, Sokrates\u2019in Savunmas\u0131.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Dante (1265-1321) (H\u00fcmanizm),<\/strong> Orta\u00e7a\u011f\u2019dan <strong>R\u00f6nasans<\/strong>\u2019a giden yolun a\u00e7\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131ndand\u0131r<em>. \u0130talyancay\u0131 yaz\u0131 dili haline getirerek \u201c\u0130talyan edebiyat\u0131n\u0131n kurucusu\u201dolmu\u015ftur<\/em>. Dante, Aristo d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesine ba\u011fl\u0131 bir sanat\u00e7\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li><strong> Dante<\/strong>\u2019nin <strong>\u0130lahi Komedya<\/strong> adl\u0131 eseri, s\u00fcrg\u00fcn d\u00f6neminin \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcd\u00fcr. Eser \u00f6b\u00fcr d\u00fcnyada Dante\u2019nin yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 yedi g\u00fcnl\u00fck seyahati anlat\u0131r. Cennet, cehennem ve Araf\u2019tan bahseder. \u0130lahi Komedya <strong>alegorik <\/strong>bir yap\u0131ya sahiptir.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Ariosto (1474-1533) (H\u00fcmanizm):<\/strong> R\u00f6nasans devri edebiyat\u0131n\u0131n en \u00f6nemli sanat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131ndan biri olan Ariosto, destan t\u00fcr\u00fcnde ba\u015far\u0131 g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. Ariosto\u2019nun R\u00f6nansans\u2019a , H\u00fcmanizma\u2019ya b\u00fcy\u00fck katk\u0131s\u0131 olan kendisine de \u00f6l\u00fcms\u00fczl\u00fck sa\u011flayan yap\u0131t\u0131 <strong>\u00c7\u0131lg\u0131n Orlando<\/strong> ad\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131r. Bu destanda Hristiyanlarla M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar aras\u0131ndaki sava\u015flar anlat\u0131l\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Tasso<\/strong> (1544-1595): R\u00f6nasans devrinde, destan t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn en ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 sanat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131ndand\u0131r. En \u00f6nemli eseri, I.Ha\u00e7l\u0131 Seferi\u2019nde Kud\u00fcs\u2019\u00fcn al\u0131n\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 anlatan <strong>\u201cKurtar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f Kud\u00fcs\u201d<\/strong> adl\u0131 yapay destan\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Montaigne deneme<\/strong> t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn kurucusu ve <u>ilk <\/u>b\u00fcy\u00fck ustas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Corneille<\/strong>\u2019in kahramanlar\u0131 <strong>tutkular\u0131n\u0131 yenmeyi bilen<\/strong>, iradeli ki\u015filerdir. O, insanlar\u0131 <u>\u201c olduklar\u0131\u201d gibi de\u011fil, olmalar\u0131 gerekti\u011fi gibi <\/u>anlatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. En \u00f6nemli tragedyalar\u0131 \u015funlard\u0131r: <strong>Le Cid, Horace, Cinna<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Racine<\/strong> (1639-1699), Frans\u0131z edebiyat\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcnl\u00fc <strong>trajedi<\/strong> yazarlar\u0131ndand\u0131r. <u>Eserlerinde ihtiraslar\u0131na esir olan insan\u0131n zaaflar\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koymu\u015ftur. <\/u>Racine\u2019in kahramanlar\u0131 tutkular\u0131na yenik d\u00fc\u015fen ki\u015filerden olu\u015fur. Eserleri: <strong>Beyaz\u0131t, Andromaque, Athaile, Britannicus, Esther, \u0130phigenie.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Moliere (1622-1673),<\/strong> \u00e7ok \u00fcnl\u00fc bir <strong>komedya<\/strong> yazar\u0131d\u0131r. Komedyalar\u0131nda, g\u00fcld\u00fcr\u00fcrken d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcrmeyi ama\u00e7lam\u0131\u015f, eserlerini g\u00fcl\u00fcn\u00e7 gelenekler ve karakterler \u00fczerine kurmu\u015ftur. <strong>Eserleri:<\/strong> G\u00fcl\u00fcn\u00e7 Kibarlar, Kocalar Mektebi, Kad\u0131nlar Mektebi, Zoraki Evlilik, Adamc\u0131l, Tartuffe, Zoraki Tabip, Cimri, Kibarl\u0131k Budalas\u0131, Scapin\u2019in Dolaplar\u0131, Hastal\u0131k Hastas\u0131, Bilgi\u00e7 Kad\u0131nlar\u2026<\/li>\n<li><strong> Fabl<\/strong> <u>hayvanlar\u0131 konu\u015fturarak<\/u> hayvanlar aras\u0131nda ge\u00e7en olaylar\u0131 ara\u00e7 olarak kullan\u0131p insanlar\u0131n kusurlar\u0131n\u0131 anlatan manzum \u00f6yk\u00fcc\u00fcklerdir.<\/li>\n<li><strong>La Bruyere<\/strong> (1645-1696), <strong>\u201cPortre\u201d<\/strong> (insanlar\u0131 fiziksel, ruhsal y\u00f6nleriyle anlatan yaz\u0131) t\u00fcr\u00fcnde \u00e7ok ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. En \u00f6nemli eseri, <strong>\u201cKarakterler\u201d<\/strong> ad\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131r. Zaman\u0131n\u0131n hemen hemen b\u00fct\u00fcn tiplerini birka\u00e7 sat\u0131r, birka\u00e7 sayfa i\u00e7erisinde portreler halinde anlatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li><strong>J.J Rousseau<\/strong> (1712-1778) (Romantizm \u00d6nc\u00fc), Romantizm ak\u0131m\u0131na yol a\u00e7anlar aras\u0131ndad\u0131r. <u>Romantik s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc ilk kez o kullanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/u><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Eserleri:<\/strong> Bilimler ve sanatlar \u00fczerine S\u00f6ylev, Toplum S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi, Emile (\u00e7ocuk geli\u015fimi), \u0130tiraflar (an\u0131)<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Victor Hugo<\/strong> (1802-1885), \u201c<strong>Cromwell\u201d<\/strong> adl\u0131 dram\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6ns\u00f6z\u00fcnde, <u>romantizmin kurallar\u0131n\u0131 belirtmi\u015ftir.<\/u><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Eserleri:<\/strong> \u00a0<strong>Roman:<\/strong>Sefiller, Notre Dame de Paris<\/p>\n<p><strong>Oyun:<\/strong> Cromwell, Hernani, Kral E\u011fleniyor, Lucrece Borgia, Ruy Blas<\/p>\n<p><strong>Sefiller:<\/strong> Jan Valjean adl\u0131 bir k\u00f6yl\u00fcn\u00fcn, ondokuzuncu asr\u0131n ilk otuz senesindeki maceralar\u0131n\u0131 anlat\u0131r.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Honore de Balzac<\/strong> (1799-1850): Realist roman\u0131n kurucusudur. Yap\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131n t\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc <strong>\u201c\u0130nsanl\u0131k Komedyas\u0131\u201d<\/strong> diye adland\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Vadideki Zambak: <\/strong>Balzac bu roman\u0131nda Felix ve Kantes Henriette\u2019in imkans\u0131z a\u015fk\u0131n\u0131 anlat\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li><strong> Stendhal<\/strong> (1783-1842) <strong>Eserleri:<\/strong> K\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 ve Siyah, Parma Manast\u0131r\u0131<\/li>\n<li><strong>Gustave Flaubert<\/strong> (1821-1880): Realizm\u2019in kurucusu ve en b\u00fcy\u00fck temsilcisidir. <strong>Eserleri:<\/strong> Madam Bovary, Salambo,<\/li>\n<li><strong> Emile Zola, Nat\u00fcralizm <\/strong>ak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n kurucusudur. <strong>Deneysel roman<\/strong> anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nc\u00fcs\u00fcd\u00fcr. Eserlerinde, ki\u015fileri <strong>soya\u00e7ekim<\/strong>, i\u00e7g\u00fcd\u00fclerin ve sosyal ko\u015fullar\u0131n etkisine ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak anlatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Eserleri:<\/strong> Nana, Germinal, Meyhane, Ger\u00e7ek, Toprak, Deneysel Roman<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Goncourt Karde\u015fler (Nat\u00fcralizm), <\/strong>Eserlerini ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 de\u011fil birlikte yazmaya karar verirler. Goncourt Karde\u015fler, nat\u00fcralizmin, Emile Zola\u2019dan sonraki en \u00f6nemli temsilcileridir.<\/li>\n<li><strong> Baudelaire <\/strong>(Sembolizm), sembolizmin \u00f6nc\u00fc \u015fairlerindendir. Yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcn \u015fiirlerini toplad\u0131\u011f\u0131 <strong>\u201cK\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fck \u00c7i\u00e7keleri\u201d<\/strong> adl\u0131 kitab\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck bir yank\u0131 uyand\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>William Shakespeare, \u00fcnl\u00fc \u0130ngiliz oyun yazar\u0131d\u0131r. Komedi ve trajediler kaleme al\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Eserleri:<\/strong> Romeo ve Juliet, Jul Sezar, Hamlet, Othello, Kral Lear, Macbeht(Trajedi)<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Bacon, \u0130ngiliz devlet adam\u0131 ve filozofudur. Bacon\u2019\u0131n felsefesinin merkezinde bilim vard\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>\u0130talyan sanat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131ndan olan Dante, Petrarca, Boccacio \u00fc\u00e7l\u00fcs\u00fc \u00f6nc\u00fc h\u00fcmanistlerden olmu\u015ftur.<\/li>\n<li>H\u00fcmanizm eski Yunan ve Latin dillerini, eserlerini inceleme ak\u0131m\u0131 olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>R\u00f6nesans, 16. yy\u2019de Avrupa\u2019 da, Orta\u00e7a\u011fdan sonra H\u00fcmanizmin etkisiyle olu\u015fan bilim ve sanat hareketidir. R\u00f6nesans\u2019a <strong>\u201cAyd\u0131nlanma \u00c7a\u011f\u0131\u201d <\/strong>da denir. R\u00f6nesans \u0130talya da do\u011fmu\u015f, oradan \u00f6teki Avrupa \u00fclkelerine\u00a0 yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Frans\u0131zca da \u201cyeniden do\u011fu\u015f\u201d anlam\u0131na gelen \u201c<strong>R\u00f6nesans<\/strong>\u201d\u0131n amac\u0131 insanl\u0131\u011fa mutluluk getirmektir. \u0130nan\u00e7 ve ahlakta \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck, dinin bask\u0131s\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 koyma, birerin kararlar\u0131na sayg\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi R\u00f6nesans\u2019 la ba\u015flar. R\u00f6nesans, do\u011faya ve insana d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/li>\n<li><strong> Aristo<\/strong>\u2019nun \u201c<strong>\u00c7\u0131lg\u0131n Orlando<\/strong>\u201d, <strong>Tasso<\/strong>\u2019nun \u201c<strong>Kurtar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f Kud\u00fcs<\/strong>\u201d adl\u0131 destanlar\u0131 R\u00f6nesans d\u00f6neminin \u0130talya\u2019daki en \u00f6nemli yap\u0131tlar\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Shakespeare, \u201cRomeo ve J\u00fcliet\u201d , \u201cHamlet\u201d, \u201cMacbeht\u201d, \u201cOthello\u201d, \u201cKral Lear\u201d,<\/strong> trajediler; <strong>\u201cVenedik Taciri\u201d, \u201cYanl\u0131\u015fl\u0131klar Komedyas\u0131\u201d, \u201cWindsorl\u2019lu \u015een <\/strong><strong>Kad\u0131n<\/strong><strong>lar\u201d <\/strong>komedyalar\u0131yla \u00fcn\u00fcne \u00fcn katm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r<\/li>\n<li><strong> Thomas More<\/strong>, \u0130ngilinz R\u00f6nesans\u0131n\u0131n en \u00f6nemli temsilcilerindendir. <strong>\u201cUtapia\u201d<\/strong> adl\u0131 yap\u0131t\u0131yla k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn, bencilli\u011fin insanlar\u0131n birbirlerini severek ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir d\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u00f6zlemini dile getirir. Bilimsel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc\u015f ve y\u00f6ntemin babas\u0131 <strong>\u201cDenelemeler\u201d<\/strong> Adl\u0131 yap\u0131t\u0131yla <strong>Francis Bacon, \u201ckaybolmu\u015f Cennet\u201d<\/strong> adl\u0131 destan\u0131yla <strong>John Milton<\/strong> da \u0130ngiliz R\u00f6nesans\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131ndand\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Edebiyatta <strong>R\u00f6nesans<\/strong>\u2019\u0131n getirdi\u011fi yeniliklerin, Yeni \u00e7a\u011f\u2019\u0131n ilk edebiyat ak\u0131m\u0131 olan \u201c<strong>Klasisizm<\/strong>\u201din ba\u015flamas\u0131nda \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck etkisi olmu\u015ftur.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Klasisizm (Kuralc\u0131l\u0131k):<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Klasisizm, 17. yy da Fransa\u2019 da ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f bir edebiyat ak\u0131m\u0131d\u0131r. Eski Yunan ve Roma sanat\u0131n\u0131 temel alan tarihsel yakla\u015f\u0131m ve estetik tutumudur. \u201c<strong>H\u00fcmanizm<\/strong>\u201d kaynakl\u0131 R\u00f6nesans hareketi Fransa da klasisizme d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bu ak\u0131m, \u201c<strong>1660 Ekol\u00fc<\/strong>\u201d olarak da adland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Klasisizm temel \u00f6\u011feleri <u>soyluluk, ak\u0131lc\u0131l\u0131k, uyum, a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131k, s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131l\u0131k, evrensellik, idealizm, denge, \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcl\u00fck, g\u00fczellik, g\u00f6rkemliliktir.<\/u><\/li>\n<li>Descartes\u2019in ger\u00e7e\u011fin ve do\u011frunun ancak <strong>\u201cak\u0131l\u201d<\/strong> yoluyla bulunabilece\u011fini savunan <strong>Rasyonalizm (ak\u0131lc\u0131l\u0131k)<\/strong> g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc <strong>klasisizm<\/strong> ak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnsel temelini olu\u015fturur.<\/li>\n<li><u>Klasisizmin kurucusu<\/u> olarak kabul edilen <strong>Boileau,<\/strong> <strong>\u201c\u015eiir Sanat\u0131\u201d<\/strong> adl\u0131 eserinde <u>\u201c Akl\u0131 seviniz, yap\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131z de\u011ferini ak\u0131ldan als\u0131n.\u201d<\/u> S\u00f6z\u00fcyle bu ak\u0131m\u0131n felsefesini ortaya koymu\u015ftur.<\/li>\n<li><strong> \u201cAk\u0131l\u201d ve \u201cSa\u011fduyu\u201d<\/strong> \u00f6nemsenmi\u015ftir. \u201cAk\u0131l\u201d yoluyla ger\u00e7e\u011fin ve insan do\u011fas\u0131n\u0131n (yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131n) incelenmesine \u00f6nem verilmi\u015ftir. Duygu ve hayal d\u0131\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li><u>Eski yunan ve Latin edebiyatlar\u0131 \u00f6rnek al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r,<\/u> bu edebiyatlar\u0131n sanat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131 gibi yazmak ama\u00e7lanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Klasisizimde sanat\u00e7\u0131 olaylar\u0131 anlat\u0131rken <u>kendini gizlemi\u015ftir.<\/u><\/li>\n<li>Eserler <strong>ulusal bir dille yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r<\/strong>. Ancak bu dil halk\u0131n konu\u015fma dili de\u011fil<strong>, soylu tabakan\u0131n konu\u015fma dilidir.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>Ayn\u0131 konu, bir\u00e7ok sanat\u00e7\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan defalarca i\u015flenmi\u015f.<\/li>\n<li><u>\u201cSanat sanat i\u00e7in<\/u>\u201d ilkesine uyulmu\u015f.<\/li>\n<li>Klasisizmin ana t\u00fcr\u00fc <strong>tiyatro<\/strong>dur. \u00d6zellikle tiyatronun <strong>trajedi<\/strong> t\u00fcr\u00fc \u00f6nemsenmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<li>Akla ve do\u011fall\u0131\u011fa \u00f6nem verdi\u011finden tiyatroda <strong>\u00fc\u00e7 birlik kural\u0131<\/strong>na uyulur.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>D\u00fcnya edebiyat\u0131nda klasisizmin temsilcileri<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>-Descartes: Fransa<br \/>\n-Boileau: Fransa<br \/>\n-Pascal: Fransa<br \/>\n-LaFontaine: Fransa<br \/>\n-Racine: Fransa<br \/>\n-Corneille: Fransa<br \/>\n&#8211;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.xn--edebiyatgretmeni-twb.net\/moliere.htm\">Moliere<\/a>: Fransa<br \/>\n-Madame de La Fayette: Fransa<br \/>\n-Fenelon: Fransa<br \/>\n-La Bruyere: Fransa<br \/>\n-Bossuet: Fransa<\/p>\n<p><strong> T\u00fcrk Edebiyat\u0131nda Klasisizmin Temsilcileri:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u015einasi<\/strong> ve <strong>Ahmet Vefik Pa\u015fa<\/strong> klasisizmin edebiyat\u0131m\u0131zdaki temsilcileri olarak say\u0131labilir.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Romantizm (Co\u015fumculuk): <\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Romantizm klasisizme <u>tepki olarak do\u011fmu\u015ftur.<\/u><\/li>\n<li>Romantizmin ilkeleri, ilk kez <a href=\"http:\/\/www.xn--edebiyatgretmeni-twb.net\/victor_hugo.htm\"><strong>Victor Hugo<\/strong><\/a>\u2019nun \u201c<strong>Cromwell<\/strong>\u201d adl\u0131 dram\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6ns\u00f6z\u00fcnde a\u00e7\u0131klanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.\u00a0 Romantizmin klasisizme \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ise ayn\u0131 yazar\u0131n \u201c<strong>Hernai<\/strong>\u201d dram\u0131n\u0131n sahnelenmesiyle kan\u0131tlanm\u0131\u015f; romantizm bir edebiyat ak\u0131m\u0131 olarak ba\u015far\u0131ya ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Romantizmde duygu, hayal ve co\u015fku \u00f6nem kazan\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Romantizmde se\u00e7ilen kahramanlar <strong>tek y\u00f6nl\u00fcd\u00fcr;<\/strong> ya \u00e7ok iyi ya da \u00e7ok k\u00f6t\u00fcd\u00fcr. Romanlarda iyi k\u00f6t\u00fc \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 vard\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Romantik sanat\u00e7\u0131lar, eserlerinde <strong>ki\u015filiklerini gizlemezler.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>Romantizmde olaylar\u0131n anlat\u0131m\u0131nda <strong>rastlant\u0131lara<\/strong> olduk\u00e7a fazla yer vermi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>D\u00fcnya Edebiyat\u0131nda Romantizmin Temsilcileri<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>-Victor Hugo: Fransa<br \/>\n-Montesquieu : Fransa<br \/>\n-J.J. Rousseau : Fransa<br \/>\n-Voltaire : Fransa<br \/>\n-Alfred de Musset : Fransa<br \/>\n-Lamartine: Fransa<br \/>\n-Chateaubriand : Fransa<br \/>\n-Dumas Pere : Fransa<br \/>\n-Schiller :Alman<br \/>\n-Goethe : Almanya<br \/>\n-Pu\u015fkin : Rusya<\/p>\n<p><strong>Realizm ( Ger\u00e7ek\u00e7ilik)<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131nda romantizmin a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 duygusall\u0131\u011f\u0131na tepki olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f bir sanat ak\u0131m\u0131d\u0131r. <strong>\u201cYa\u015fam\u0131 ve do\u011fay\u0131 oldu\u011fu gibi aktarmak\u201d<\/strong> \u00e7abas\u0131ndad\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Pozitivizm<\/strong>in edebiyata uygulanmas\u0131 <strong>realizm<\/strong>i do\u011furmu\u015ftur.<\/li>\n<li>Sanat\u00e7\u0131, bir ahlak\u00e7\u0131 gibi de\u011fil, belgeye ve g\u00f6zleme \u00f6nem veren bir <strong>bilim adam\u0131<\/strong> gibi davranarak yap\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Realizm<\/strong> Pozitivizm\u2019in bir ko\u015fulu olarak <strong>g\u00f6zleme<\/strong> b\u00fcy\u00fck de\u011fer vermi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<li>Bu ak\u0131m <strong>Gustave Flaubert<\/strong>\u2019in \u201c<strong>Mademe Bovary<\/strong>\u201d roman\u0131n\u0131 yay\u0131mlamas\u0131 ile kesin bi\u00e7imini alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu roman <strong>ilk b\u00fcy\u00fck realist roman<\/strong> say\u0131l\u0131r. <u>Gustave Flaubert, realist ak\u0131m\u0131n kuramc\u0131s\u0131 say\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/u><\/li>\n<li>Olay ve ki\u015fileri <u>klasikler<\/u>, <strong>\u201colmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi gibi\u201d<\/strong>;<u>romantikler<\/u>, <strong>\u201ckendi istedikleri gibi\u201d;<\/strong> <u>realistler<\/u> <strong>\u201coldu\u011fu gibi\u201d<\/strong> anlat\u0131rlar.<\/li>\n<li>Eserlerine kendi duygu, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ve yorumlar\u0131n\u0131 katmazlar.<\/li>\n<li>Realist y\u00f6ntemle yaz\u0131lan \u015fiir ak\u0131m\u0131na \u201c<strong>Parnasizm<\/strong>\u201d ad\u0131 verilmi\u015ftir<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong> D\u00fcnya Edebiyat\u0131nda Realizmin Temsilcileri:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>-Stendhal\u00a0 : Fransa<br \/>\n-Jack London : Amerika<br \/>\n-Tolstoy : Rusya<br \/>\n-Balzac\u00a0 : Fransa<br \/>\n-Dostyevski:Rusya<br \/>\n-Turgenyev : Rusya<br \/>\n-\u00c7ehov:Rusya<br \/>\n-Gogol : Rusya<br \/>\n-Gorki:Rusya<br \/>\n-Gustave\u00a0 Flaubert :Fransa<br \/>\n-CharlesDickens:\u0130ngiltere<br \/>\n-Daniel Defoe: \u0130ng.<br \/>\n-Ernest Hemingway : Amerika<br \/>\n-John Steinbeck:Amerika<br \/>\n-Mark Twain: Amerika<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Naturalizmin kurucusu olarak <strong>Emile Zola<\/strong> bilinir.<\/li>\n<li>Naturalizm, do\u011fay\u0131 anlat\u0131rken <strong>deney y\u00f6ntemine<\/strong> ba\u015fvurmas\u0131 nedeniyle realizmden ayr\u0131l\u0131r. Realistlerin g\u00f6zlem ve anket\u00e7ili\u011fine, naturalistler <strong>\u201cdeney\u201d<\/strong> ilkesini eklemi\u015fler, edebiyat\u0131 bilimin bir uygulama alan\u0131 olarak g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015flerdir.<\/li>\n<li>Realizm, <strong>pozitivist<\/strong> felsefe do\u011frultusunda olu\u015fturulmu\u015ftur; nat\u00fcralizm <strong>\u201cDeterminizm\u201d (gerekircilik)<\/strong> do\u011frultusunda olu\u015fturulmu\u015ftur. Determinizm k\u0131saca <em>\u201cDo\u011fa olaylar\u0131nda ayn\u0131 nedenler, ayn\u0131 ko\u015fullar alt\u0131nda ayn\u0131 sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 verir.\u201d<\/em> Bi\u00e7iminde \u00f6zetlenebilir.<\/li>\n<li>Nat\u00fcralizm, <strong>H.Taine\u2019in<\/strong> Determinizm, <strong>C.Bernard\u2019\u0131n<\/strong> deneysel uygulama <strong>, Darwin\u2019<\/strong>in <strong>evrim ve soya\u00e7ekim<\/strong> d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinden yararlan\u0131larak olu\u015fturulmu\u015f bir edebiyat ak\u0131m\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Nat\u00fcralizmde ana ilke \u015fudur: <em>\u201cSanat, do\u011fan\u0131n bir kopyas\u0131 olmal\u0131d\u0131r.\u201d<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Nat\u00fcralizmin \u00d6zellikleri<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Kendilerini bilim adam\u0131, toplumu laboratuar, insan\u0131 da deneme, inceleme arac\u0131 olarak ele alm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Realistlerin, <strong>\u201csanat i\u00e7in sanat\u201d<\/strong> anlay\u0131\u015flar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n nat\u00fcralistler, <strong>\u201ctoplum i\u00e7in sanat\u201d<\/strong> anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131na sahiptirler.<\/li>\n<li>Nat\u00fcralizm<strong>, herhangi bir ak\u0131ma tepki olarak do\u011fmam\u0131\u015f, <\/strong>kendisinden \u00f6nceki ak\u0131m\u0131n ileri bir a\u015famas\u0131 olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>D\u00fcnya Edebiyat\u0131nda Nat\u00fcralizmin Temsilcileri<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>-Emile Zola: Fransa<br \/>\n-Alphonse Daudet : Fransa<br \/>\n-Guy de Maupassant :Fransa<br \/>\n-Goncourt Karde\u015fler:\u00a0 Fransa<br \/>\n-Henrik \u0130bsen: Norve\u00e7<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>T\u00fcrk Edebiyat\u0131nda Nat\u00fcralizmin Temsilcileri: <strong>Nabizade Naz\u0131m, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.xn--edebiyatgretmeni-twb.net\/huseyin_rahmi_gurpinar.htm\">H\u00fcseyin Rahmi G\u00fcrp\u0131nar<\/a><\/strong><\/li>\n<li>Edebiyat\u0131m\u0131zda nat\u00fcralizm ak\u0131m\u0131na en yak\u0131n eserleri veren sanat\u00e7\u0131 H\u00fcseyin Rahmi G\u00fcrp\u0131nar\u2019d\u0131r. Ancak G\u00fcrp\u0131nar, eserlerinde sosyal ele\u015ftiriye yer vermesi y\u00f6n\u00fcnden nat\u00fcralistlerden ayr\u0131l\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Panarsizm, bir anlamda realizmle nat\u00fcralizmin \u015fiirdeki sentezinden olu\u015fmu\u015ftur. Parnasizmin temelinde <strong>\u201cSanat sanat i\u00e7indir.\u201d<\/strong> anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 vard\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Gautier, Parnasizmin kurucusudur.<\/li>\n<li>Panarsizm, T\u00fcrk edebiyat\u0131na <strong>Servet-i F\u00fcnun<\/strong> d\u00f6neminde girer. Bu ak\u0131m\u0131n en belirgin etkileri <strong>Tevfik Fikret<\/strong>\u2019te g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Kimi y\u00f6nleriyle Yahya Kemal de bu ak\u0131mdan izler ta\u015f\u0131r. Panarsizmi T\u00fcrk edebiyat\u0131nda tan\u0131tan ve temsil eden <strong>ilk sanat\u00e7\u0131 Cenap \u015eahabettin<\/strong>\u2019dir.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Sembolizm<\/strong>, 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonlar\u0131nda Fransa\u2019da <strong>parnasizm<\/strong> ak\u0131m\u0131na <strong>tepki <\/strong>olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Sembolizmin \u00d6zellikleri<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Sembolist \u015fairlere g\u00f6re \u201cger\u00e7ek\u201d oldu\u011fu gibi anlat\u0131lamaz; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc duyular\u0131m\u0131z bize d\u0131\u015f d\u00fcnyay\u0131 oldu\u011fu gibi de\u011fil, de\u011fi\u015ftirerek ula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131rlar. \u0130nsanlar bu y\u00fczden d\u0131\u015f d\u00fcnyay\u0131 izlenimlerine g\u00f6re anlat\u0131rlar.<\/li>\n<li>Sembolistler, \u015fiirde <strong>m\u00fczik<\/strong> unsuruna \u00f6nem verirler, hatta m\u00fczi\u011fi \u015fiirin amac\u0131 haline getirirler.<\/li>\n<li>\u015eiir, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelere de\u011fil, duygulara seslenmelidir; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u015fiir bir \u015fey anlatmak i\u00e7in yaz\u0131lmaz.<\/li>\n<li>\u015eiirde <strong>anlam kapal\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 <\/strong>olmal\u0131d\u0131r, buna g\u00f6re \u015fiirden herkes kendine g\u00f6re bir yorum \u00e7\u0131karmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Ger\u00e7eklerden ka\u00e7ma, hayale s\u0131\u011f\u0131nma, \u00e7irkinlikleri hayal yard\u0131m\u0131yla g\u00fczelle\u015ftirme, bunlara ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan karamsarl\u0131k, sembolizmin en belirgin \u00f6zelliklerindendir.<\/li>\n<li>Sembolist \u015fairlere g\u00f6re iyi \u015fiir<strong>, \u201cherkes\u00e7e de\u011fi\u015fik yorumlanabilen \u015fiir\u201d<\/strong>dir.<\/li>\n<li>Sembolizmin m\u00fcjdecisi, bu ak\u0131m\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan \u00f6nce \u00f6len Frans\u0131z Charles <strong>Baudelaire<\/strong>\u2019dir. Ak\u0131m\u0131n kuram\u0131n\u0131 <strong>Mallarme<\/strong> ortaya koymu\u015f, ak\u0131mla <strong>ilgili ilk bildirgeyi ise Jean Moreas yay\u0131mlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>D\u00fcnya Edebiyat\u0131nda Sembolizmin Temsilcileri<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>-Charles Baudelaire &#8211;\u00a0\u00a0 Fransa<br \/>\n-Arthur Rimbaud &#8211;\u00a0\u00a0 Fransa<br \/>\n-Stephane Mallarme\u00a0\u00a0 &#8211;\u00a0\u00a0 Fransa<br \/>\n-Paul Valery\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 &#8211;\u00a0 Fransa<br \/>\n-Paul Verlaine\u00a0 &#8211;\u00a0\u00a0 Fransa<br \/>\n-Edgar Allen Poe\u00a0 &#8211;\u00a0\u00a0 Amerika<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>T\u00fcrk Edebiyat\u0131nda Sembolizmin ilk uygulay\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 <strong>Cenap \u015eehabettin<\/strong>\u2019dir. Ancak bu ak\u0131m\u0131n en ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 \u00f6rneklerini <strong>Ahmet Ha\u015fim<\/strong> vermi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<li>Empresyonist sanat\u00e7\u0131lar d\u0131\u015f d\u00fcnyay\u0131 oldu\u011fu gibi de\u011fil de alg\u0131lad\u0131klar\u0131 bi\u00e7imde anlatmay\u0131 ama\u00e7lam\u0131\u015flar, \u00f6znelli\u011fi benimsemi\u015flerdir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>*D\u00fcnya Edebiyat\u0131nda Empresyonizmin Temsilcileri<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>-Arthur Rimbaud\u00a0 &#8211; Fransa<br \/>\n-Paul Verlaine\u00a0\u00a0 &#8211;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Fransa<br \/>\n-Marie Rilke\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 &#8211;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Fransa<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>20.y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda empresyonizme tepki olarak do\u011fan <strong>ekspresyonizm (D\u0131\u015favurumculuk),<\/strong> insan\u0131n i\u00e7 d\u00fcnyas\u0131ndaki duygular\u0131 anlatmaya \u00f6nem veren bir ak\u0131md\u0131r. Ekspresyonizm \u00f6nce resim alan\u0131nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f, daha sonra edebiyata yans\u0131m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Ekspresyonizm, sanayi \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n\u0131n anlams\u0131zla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 ya\u015fama kar\u015f\u0131 <strong>\u201cRuhun \u0130syan\u0131\u201d<\/strong>d\u0131r. Ekspresyoist sanat\u00e7\u0131lar \u00f6znel ger\u00e7ek\u00e7ili\u011fe ve i\u00e7 g\u00f6zleme b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem vermi\u015flerdir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>D\u00fcnya Edebiyat\u0131nda Ekspresyonizmin Temsilcileri:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>-O\u2019Neil\u00a0 &#8211;\u00a0 Amerika<br \/>\n-T.S Eliot\u00a0 &#8211;\u00a0\u00a0 Amerika<br \/>\n-Franz Kafka\u00a0\u00a0 &#8211; Avusturya<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>K\u00fcbizm 20.y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda empresyonizme tepki olarak do\u011fan \u00f6nceleri resim ve heykel sanatlar\u0131nda etkili olan, daha sonra edebiyata yans\u0131yan bir ak\u0131md\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>K\u00fcbizm, d\u0131\u015f d\u00fcnyadaki nesnelerin yaln\u0131z g\u00f6r\u00fcnen de\u011fil, g\u00f6r\u00fcnmeyen taraflar\u0131n\u0131 da g\u00f6stermeye, anlatmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan bir ak\u0131md\u0131r. \u0130yi bir sanat\u00e7\u0131, insan\u0131n hem d\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc hem d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcklerini eserine yans\u0131tabilmelidir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>D\u00fcnya Edebiyat\u0131nda K\u00fcbizmin Temsilcileri<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>-Picasso\u00a0 &#8211;\u00a0 \u0130spanya<br \/>\n-Apollinaire\u00a0\u00a0 &#8211; \u0130talya, Fransa<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>F\u00fct\u00fcrizm (Gelecek\u00e7ilik), modern ya\u015fant\u0131n\u0131n verdi\u011fi heycanlardan do\u011fan bir edebiyat ak\u0131m\u0131d\u0131r, Yenile\u015fmenin t\u00fcm olanaklar\u0131na a\u00e7\u0131lan bir y\u00f6nelmedir.<\/li>\n<li>F\u00fct\u00fcrizmin \u00f6nc\u00fcs\u00fc \u0130talyan \u015fair, romanc\u0131, oyun yazar\u0131 ve yay\u0131n <strong>y\u00f6netmeni Filipo Tommaso Marinetti\u2019dir.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>F\u00fct\u00fcrizm, bir bak\u0131ma makineye olan hayranl\u0131\u011f\u0131n t\u00fcrk\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc s\u00f6yler.<\/li>\n<li>F\u00fct\u00fcrist \u015fairler ge\u00e7mi\u015fe ait t\u00fcm de\u011ferleri y\u0131kmak istemi\u015fler; geleneksel olan her \u015feye kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>D\u00fcnya Edebiyat\u0131ndaki F\u00fct\u00fcrizmin Temsilcileri<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>-Marinetti\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0130talya<br \/>\n-Mayakovski\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Rusya<\/p>\n<p><strong>T\u00fcrk Edebiyat\u0131nda F\u00fct\u00fcrizmin Temsilcisi: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.xn--edebiyatgretmeni-twb.net\/nazim_hikmet.htm\">Naz\u0131m Hikmet<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>1916\u2019da Romen as\u0131ll\u0131 \u0130talyan \u015fair <strong>Tristan Tzara<\/strong> taraf\u0131ndan ortaya at\u0131lan <strong>dadizm (kurals\u0131zl\u0131k)<\/strong> edebiyat ve sanatta her t\u00fcrl\u00fc gelene\u011fe, kurala kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kan; <strong>\u201ckurals\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kural edinen\u201d <\/strong>bir ak\u0131md\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Tristan Tzara\u2019n\u0131n, Meydan Larousse\u2019dan rastgele se\u00e7ti\u011fi bir s\u00f6zc\u00fckten (Dada\/tahta at) ad\u0131n\u0131 alan bu ak\u0131m 1922\u2019de yerini s\u00fcrrealizme (ger\u00e7ek\u00fcst\u00fcc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011fe) b\u0131rakt\u0131.<\/li>\n<li>Dadaizmin kurucusu ve \u00f6nc\u00fcs\u00fc olan T.Tzara, bu ak\u0131m\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yle tan\u0131mlar: \u201cKa\u011f\u0131t par\u00e7alar\u0131 \u00fczerine s\u00f6zc\u00fckler yaz\u0131n, bunlar\u0131 bir \u015fapkan\u0131n i\u00e7ine at\u0131p kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131n, sonra teker teker \u00e7ekip bir ka\u011f\u0131d\u0131n \u00fczerine s\u0131ralay\u0131n;i\u015fte Dadaizm\u2026\u201d<\/li>\n<li>S\u00fcrrealizm (Ger\u00e7ek\u00fcst\u00fcc\u00fcl\u00fck), 20.y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda Andre Breton taraf\u0131ndan Freud\u2019un g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerine dayan\u0131larak a\u00e7\u0131lan bir sanat ak\u0131m\u0131d\u0131r. Bir anlamda bilin\u00e7alt\u0131n\u0131n, bilin\u00e7 alan\u0131na olan egemenli\u011fini savunmu\u015flard\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>D\u00fcnya Edebiyat\u0131nda S\u00fcrrealizmin Temsilcileri<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>-Andre Breton,<br \/>\n-Paul Aluard,<br \/>\n-Louis Aragon<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Egzistansiyalizm (Varolu\u015f\u00e7uluk),<\/strong> II.D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131nda Frans\u0131z romanc\u0131s\u0131 <strong>Jean Paul Sartre<\/strong> taraf\u0131ndan edebiyata uygulanm\u0131\u015f ve yayg\u0131nla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Egzistansiyalizmin temeli<strong>, Descartes<\/strong>\u2019in <strong>\u201cD\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorum \u00f6yleyse var\u0131m.\u201d<\/strong> g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcne dayan\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>*D\u00fcnya Edebiyat\u0131nda Egzistansiyalizmin Temsilcileri:\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>-Jean Paul Sartre,<br \/>\n-Albert Camus,<br \/>\n-Simone de Beauvoir,<br \/>\n-Andre Gide<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Bacon<\/strong>, \u0130ngiliz devlet adam\u0131 ve filozofudur. Bacon\u2019\u0131n felsefesinin merkezinde bilim vard\u0131r. <strong>Denemeler<\/strong> adl\u0131 eseridir.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Lord Byron<\/strong>, \u0130ngiliz edebiyat\u0131n\u0131n en \u00f6nemli romantik \u015fairlerindendir. Romantik \u015fairler i\u00e7inde, Avrupa yaz\u0131n\u0131 ve sanat\u0131na damgas\u0131n\u0131 en uzun s\u00fcreyle vuran \u015fair, Byron olmu\u015ftur. En \u00f6nemli eseri <strong>\u201cDon Juan\u201d<\/strong> adl\u0131 \u015fiiridir.<\/li>\n<li><strong> Daniel Defoe<\/strong> , Modern \u0130ngiliz roman\u0131n ba\u015flat\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 say\u0131l\u0131r. Daha \u00e7ok <strong>ser\u00fcven<\/strong> a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 roman yazar. <strong>Eserleri:<\/strong> Robinson Crusoe, Kaptan Singleton\u2019un Hayat\u2019\u0131 ,Veba Y\u0131l\u0131<\/li>\n<li><strong> Charles Dickens,<\/strong> <u>Realist ak\u0131m\u0131n<\/u> \u00f6nc\u00fclerinden say\u0131lan <u>\u0130ngiliz<\/u> romanc\u0131d\u0131r. Dickens romanlar\u0131ndaki ki\u015fileri kendi \u00e7evresinden se\u00e7er. \u0130\u015fledi\u011fi konularda mizah ve ac\u0131dan ayn\u0131 anda yararlan\u0131r. <strong>Eserleri:<\/strong> Oliver Twist, David Copperfield, Bir Noel \u015eark\u0131s\u0131, \u0130ki \u015fehrin hikayesi, Antikac\u0131 D\u00fckkan\u0131.<\/li>\n<li><strong> Jonathan Swift,<\/strong> \u0130ngiliz edebiyat\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck hiciv ustas\u0131d\u0131r. <strong>Eserleri:<\/strong> G\u00fcliver\u2019in Seyahatleri<\/li>\n<li><strong>Don Ki\u015fot (Cervantes):<\/strong> Roman\u0131n ba\u015fkahraman\u0131 olan Don Ki\u015fot\u2019un as\u0131l ad\u0131 Alonso\u2019dur. Zihninde devaml\u0131 okudu\u011fu \u015f\u00f6valye hikayelerini canland\u0131ran Don Ki\u015fot bu hikayelere kendini kapt\u0131r\u0131r ve \u015f\u00f6valyeli\u011fin yeniden canland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr. Olaylar <strong>Don Ki\u015fot<\/strong> ile <strong>Sacha Panza\u2019<\/strong>n\u0131n maceralar\u0131yla devam eder.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Goethe<\/strong> <strong>eserleri<\/strong>: Gen\u00e7 Werther\u2019in Ac\u0131lar\u0131 (roman), Faust (tiyatro)<\/li>\n<li><strong>Faust:<\/strong> Wolfgang Von Goethe\u2019nin <a href=\"http:\/\/www.edebiyatogretmeni.net\/siirler.htm\">\u015fiir<\/a>sel bir oyunudur. Oyunun ba\u015fkahraman\u0131 Faust; felsefeyi, t\u0131bb\u0131, do\u011fa bilimlerini teolojiyi ara\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015f; gen\u00e7lik ve olgunluk \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yery\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fcn s\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6zmek i\u00e7in t\u00fcketmi\u015ftir. Faust\u2019un bu aray\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u015eeytan\u2019\u0131 rahats\u0131z etmektedir; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc pek \u00e7ok insan\u0131 d\u00fcnyasal hazlarla u\u00e7uruma d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrmesine kar\u015f\u0131n yery\u00fcz\u00fcndeki Faust ad\u0131ndaki doktor, ak\u0131l ve bilgisiyle kendisine direnmektedir.<\/li>\n<li><strong> Friedrich Schiller (1759-1805): <\/strong>Alman edebiyat\u0131n\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck \u015fairlerindendir. Goethe\u2019den sonra Almanlar\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck lirik, romantik \u015fairi say\u0131l\u0131r. Sanatta g\u00fczellik ve ahlak\u0131, fayday\u0131 ba\u011fda\u015ft\u0131rmak amac\u0131yla eserler ortaya koymu\u015ftur.<strong> Eserleri:<\/strong> Wilhelm Tell, Haydutlar, Don Carlos<\/li>\n<li><strong> Gogol (1809-1952):<\/strong> Rus romanc\u0131 ve oyun yazar\u0131d\u0131r. <strong>Gogol<\/strong>, Rus edebiyat\u0131nda romantizmin bilinen kurallar\u0131n\u0131 b\u0131rak\u0131p konular\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fcnl\u00fck ya\u015fam\u0131n i\u00e7inden se\u00e7mi\u015ftir. Eserlerinde insan davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 ger\u00e7ek\u00e7i bir \u015fekilde anlatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00dcslubunda <strong>mizah<\/strong> unsuru a\u011f\u0131r basar.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Eserleri:<\/strong> \u00d6l\u00fc Canlar, Bir Evlenme, Kumarc\u0131lar, May\u0131s Gecesi, M\u00fcfetti\u015f<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u00d6l\u00fc Canlar: <\/strong>Bitmemi\u015f bir romand\u0131r. <strong>\u00c7i\u00e7ikov<\/strong> arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla <strong>Gogol<\/strong>, 19. Y\u00fczy\u0131l ortalar\u0131ndaki Rus toplumunun \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcyen yanlar\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koymaktad\u0131r. \u00c7i\u00e7ikov, Rusya\u2019n\u0131n bir\u00e7ok kentini gezerek \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015f; ama adlar\u0131 n\u00fcfus k\u00fct\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden silinmemi\u015f k\u00f6lelerin ad\u0131n\u0131 kullanarak hileli yoldan zengin olma hayalleri kuran bir karakterdir.<\/li>\n<li><strong> Turgenyev (1818-1883):<\/strong> Rus edebiyat\u0131 yazarlar\u0131ndan olan Turgenyev, realist ak\u0131m\u0131n temsilcilerindendir. Ger\u00e7ek\u00e7i Rus roman\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nc\u00fclerinden biri olarak kabul edilir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Eserleri:<\/strong> Babalar ve O\u011fullar\u0131, Rudin, Bir Asilzade Yuvas\u0131, \u0130lk A\u015fk, Bahar Seli, Arefe, Duman<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong> Dostoyevski (1822-1881): Eserleri:<\/strong> Yeralt\u0131ndan Notlar, Su\u00e7 ve Ceza, \u00d6l\u00fcler Evinden An\u0131lar, \u0130nsanc\u0131klar, Kumarbaz, Budala, Karamazov Karde\u015fler<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>126: Su\u00e7 ve Ceza:<\/strong> Fakir ve kendi halinde ya\u015fam\u0131 olan <strong>Raskolnikov<\/strong> adl\u0131 bir \u00fcniversite \u00f6\u011frencisinin hayat sava\u015f\u0131ndaki \u00e7\u0131rp\u0131n\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 dile getirir. \u0130\u015fledi\u011fi korkun\u00e7 bir cinayetle i\u00e7 hesapla\u015fmas\u0131 ve uykusuz geceleri beyninde yank\u0131lanmaya ba\u015flar Raskolnikov\u2019un.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong> Tolstoy (1828-1910):<\/strong> <strong>Eserleri:<\/strong> Kazaklar, Sava\u015f ve Bar\u0131\u015f, Anna Karenina, \u0130van \u0130lyi\u00e7\u2019in \u00d6l\u00fcm\u00fc, Dirili\u015f, Hac\u0131 Murat<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong> Sava\u015f ve Bar\u0131\u015f:<\/strong> Romanda be\u015f soylu ailenin hikayesi arka planda ise Rus sosyal hayat\u0131 ve Napolyon ordular\u0131n\u0131n sava\u015f\u0131 anlat\u0131l\u0131r.Tolstoy, sava\u015f ve bar\u0131\u015f\u0131 ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f insanlar\u0131n, farkl\u0131 iki s\u0131n\u0131r i\u00e7indeki psikolojik hallerinin keskin ve ger\u00e7ek\u00e7i g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn yan\u0131nda; soylularla, k\u00f6yl\u00fcleri, subaylarla askerleri, \u015fehir hayat\u0131yla k\u0131rsal hayat\u0131, Rus \u00c7ar\u2019\u0131 ile Frans\u0131z \u0130mparatoru\u2019nu ger\u00e7ek\u00e7i sava\u015f betimlemeleriyle dev bir panaromada, kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131klar senfonisi i\u00e7inde okuyucuya aktar\u0131r.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong> Anton \u00c7ahov (1860-1904):<\/strong> \u00c7ehov, <u>durum \u00f6yk\u00fcc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn kurucusu say\u0131l\u0131r <\/u><strong>Eserleri:<\/strong> Mart\u0131, \u00dc\u00e7 K\u0131z Karde\u015f, Vanya Day\u0131, Vi\u015fne Bah\u00e7esi (Tiyatro)<\/li>\n<li><strong> Edgar Allan Poe (1809-1849):<\/strong> Amerikan edebiyat\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemli \u015fair ve yazarlar\u0131ndand\u0131r. Edgar Allan Poe, \u015fiirin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra polisiye t\u00fcr\u00fcnde \u00f6nemli eserlere imza atm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Eserleri: <strong>\u015eiir:<\/strong> Kuzgun, Anabel Lee<\/li>\n<li><strong> Mark Twain (1835-1910): <\/strong>Amerikan edebiyat\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemli yazarlar\u0131ndand\u0131r.<strong> Eserleri:<\/strong> Tom Sawyer\u2019in Maceralar\u0131, Missisipi\u2019de Hayat, Huckleberry Finn\u2019in Maceralar\u0131, Bir Cinayet Bir S\u0131r ve Bir Evlilik, \u00c7al\u0131nan Ta\u00e7<\/li>\n<li><strong>132:<\/strong> <strong>Jack London (1876-1916):<\/strong> Amerikan edebiyat\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fcnyaca \u00fcnl\u00fc yazarlar\u0131ndand\u0131r. Jack London\u2019\u0131n\u00a0 hayat\u0131 yoksulluk i\u00e7inde ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir. Jack London, hikaye ve romanlar\u0131nda tabiat-insan ili\u015fkisini toplumun sorunlar\u0131n\u0131 dile getirmi\u015ftir. <strong>Eserleri:<\/strong> Vah\u015fetin \u00c7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131, G\u00fcne\u015f \u00c7ocu\u011fu, Deniz Kurdu, Beyaz Di\u015f, B\u00fcy\u00fck Ser\u00fcven, Demir \u00d6k\u00e7e<\/li>\n<li><strong> Ernest Hemingway (1898-1961):<\/strong> Amerikan edebiyat\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemli yazarlar\u0131ndand\u0131r. Yazar, \u00f6nce <strong>Pulitzer \u00f6d\u00fcl\u00fcne<\/strong>, sonra <strong>Nobel<\/strong> <strong>\u00f6d\u00fcl\u00fcne<\/strong> lay\u0131k g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. <strong>Eserleri:<\/strong> Silahlara Veda, \u00c7anlar Kimin \u0130\u00e7in \u00c7al\u0131yor, \u0130htiyar Adam ve Deniz<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong> \u00c7anlar Kimin \u0130\u00e7in \u00c7al\u0131yor:<\/strong> Roman \u0130spanya i\u00e7 sava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda fa\u015fistlerle \u00e7arp\u0131\u015fan bir Amerikal\u0131y\u0131 anlatmaktad\u0131r. \u00d6\u011fretim \u00fcyesi olan Robert, sava\u015f s\u0131ras\u0131nda ordu taraf\u0131ndan bir k\u00f6pr\u00fcy\u00fc u\u00e7urmakla g\u00f6revlendirilmi\u015ftir. Bu g\u00f6revde ona Cumhuriyet\u00e7i bir \u00e7etenin \u00fcyeleri yard\u0131m eder.Robert Maria adl\u0131 fa\u015fistler taraf\u0131ndan sald\u0131r\u0131ya u\u011fram\u0131\u015f bir k\u0131zla tan\u0131\u015f\u0131r ve ona a\u015f\u0131k olur.Robert \u00e7ete \u00fcyeleriyle beraber k\u00f6pr\u00fcy\u00fc u\u00e7urur.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong> John Steinbeck (1902-1968):<\/strong> Amerikan edebiyat\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemli yazarlar\u0131ndand\u0131r. John Steinbeck eserlerinin konusunu \u00e7o\u011funlukla ger\u00e7ek ya\u015famdan al\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle ikinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131 do\u011furdu\u011fu ac\u0131 sonu\u00e7lar\u0131yla ele al\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Eserleri:<\/strong> Fareler ve \u0130nsanlar, Gazap \u00dcz\u00fcmleri, Sardalya Soka\u011f\u0131<\/p>\n<p><strong>Fareler ve \u0130nsanlar:<\/strong> John Steinbeck bu roman\u0131nda hayallerini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiremeyen iki dostu anlat\u0131r. George ve Lennie \u00e7iftliklerde i\u015f\u00e7ilik yapmakta olan iki arkada\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Franz Kafka (1883-1917) Eserleri:<\/strong> Dava,\u015eato, Yitik, Amerika<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Dava:<\/strong> Roman\u0131n kahraman\u0131 Joseph K. , bankada \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmakta olan bir memurdur. S\u0131radan bir ya\u015fant\u0131s\u0131 varken bir sabah tutuklan\u0131r ve hayat\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fir. Su\u00e7unun ne oldu\u011funu bilmemektedir. Ayr\u0131ca davas\u0131 da s\u0131rlarla doludur. Davas\u0131n\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fcten yarg\u0131c\u0131 hi\u00e7bir zaman g\u00f6rmez. Roman Joseph K.\u2019n\u0131n kendisini temize \u00e7\u0131karmak yada en az\u0131ndan su\u00e7land\u0131\u011f\u0131 durumun ne oldu\u011funu \u00f6\u011frenmek i\u00e7in harcad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7abalarla ilgilidir.Roman\u0131n sonunda Joseph K. sebebi bilinmeyen bir \u015fekilde \u00f6lmektedir.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>Yusuf Kenan DURMU\u015eO\u011eLU<\/strong><\/p>\n<h2><a href=\"http:\/\/www.xn--edebiyatgretmeni-twb.net\/portal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/12\/batiedebiyati.doc\">Word dosyas\u0131 halinde \u0130ndirmek \u0130\u00e7in T\u0131klay\u0131n<\/a><\/h2>\n<h1 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000080; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: x-small;\">Not: Ayr\u0131ca \u015funa da bak\u0131n:\u00a0<img wpfc-lazyload-disable=\"true\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/www.xn--edebiyatgretmeni-twb.net\/indir.bmp\" alt=\"\" width=\"28\" height=\"13\" border=\"0\" \/><\/span><strong><span style=\"color: #000080; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: x-small;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.xn--edebiyatgretmeni-twb.net\/1\/sinav-kazandiran-altin-edebiyat-bilgileri.htm\">S\u0131nav Kazand\u0131ran Alt\u0131n Edebiyat Bilgileri\u00a0<\/a>\u00a0<strong>Yusuf Kenan DURMU\u015eO\u011eLU<\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/h1>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Sevgili \u00f6\u011frenciler, Bat\u0131 edebiyat\u0131ndan kar\u015f\u0131n\u0131za s\u00fcrekli soru olarak \u00e7\u0131kan noktalar\u0131 maddeler halinde derledim. Sadece bu bilgilere \u00e7al\u0131\u015farak Bat\u0131 edebiyat\u0131 ile ilgili kar\u015f\u0131n\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kacak b\u00fct\u00fcn sorular\u0131 [&#8230;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1001,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[27,40],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-120","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-bati-edebiyati-ve-edebi-akimlar","category-begenilen-sayfalarimiz"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.xn--edebiyatgretmeni-twb.net\/portal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/120","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.xn--edebiyatgretmeni-twb.net\/portal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.xn--edebiyatgretmeni-twb.net\/portal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.xn--edebiyatgretmeni-twb.net\/portal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.xn--edebiyatgretmeni-twb.net\/portal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=120"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.xn--edebiyatgretmeni-twb.net\/portal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/120\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.xn--edebiyatgretmeni-twb.net\/portal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1001"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.xn--edebiyatgretmeni-twb.net\/portal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=120"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.xn--edebiyatgretmeni-twb.net\/portal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=120"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.xn--edebiyatgretmeni-twb.net\/portal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=120"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}